Monday, January 26, 2009

Monday Mineral: Apophyllite

I have mentioned "Siletzia" and the Siletz River Volcanics a couple of times before, toward the end of this post, and poetically in this one. If you flick over to the second link you can see a picture of a nice pile of pillow basalts overlain by a nice set of columnar jointing. Pillow basalts are the result of basalt erupting or flowing into water; as a result they are severely fractured, and full of glass and void spaces. Basaltic glass is quite unstable as rock material goes, and it decomposes fairly quickly to palagonite. In the alteration process lots of ions move into solution and reprecipitate in a very predictable suite of minerals, particularly zeolites and calcite. Another common mineral in this suite is apophyllite. While zeolites are hydrated tectosilicates, and calcite is calcium carbonate, apophyllite is a phyllosilicate, like the mica group.
The above picture doesn't show the apophyllite too well (the most identifiable mineral here is natrolite, which I'll address another time), but it does show the palagonitic base on which the crystals have grown. While I have seen lots and lots of this in quarries in the hills north and west of Corvallis, I think this particular sample came out of parking lot gravel. It pays to look at what you're walking on.
The two above pictures were taken from slightly different positions, and below I've cropped them and placed them side by side to create a cross-eyed stereopair. I can definitely see this pop out, but I'd sure appreciate some feedback from geology types to let me know if this works for you as well, and perhaps more importantly, if it helps you visualize the geometry of this mineral.
Frequently the apophyllite is too small to readily identify useful features without a binocular microscope, but if you have some good-sized crystals, it has some very distinctive features that make it unmistakeable.

It is in the tetragonal symmetry group, so the basic form of the mineral is a four-sided prism with two pinacoids terminating the c-axis. The prism faces have a glassy luster, and are almost always striated. In the picture below you can see a prism face with striations. As an interesting aside, you can see that the apophyllite has grown around the needles of natrolite, which tells you the natrolite precipitated first. This is cropped from the second picture above, just above the left edge of the penny.
The pinacoid, on the other hand, shows a pearly luster, and is not striated. The following four pictures were taken from slightly different angles to show the pearly luster as the the pinacoid is illuminated from different angles.

The other feature that does not show up on this sample is that frequently the corners between the pinacoid and two prism faces are beveled, sort like a roof. Those faces have a glassy luster and are unstriated. I do have a sample that shows this well, but I can't quite seem to get it to show up in photos; it's too glassy and transparent. The crystals pictured here are milky enough that they are distinct from one another in photographs. Nevertheless, in my experience, the beveled corners are more the rule than the exception. Yet another characteristic is a perfect cleavage parallel to the pinacoid. As an open question, I almost typed "obviously, since it's a phyllosilicate," and realized that I've always assumed that all phyllosilicates have perfect cleavage across the c-axis. I guess that seems logical, but I guess I don't really know that it's so. Is my assumption accurate?

More Signs of Spring

A nice, crisp day today; 38 and sunny. Here's the first flower of the season. I'm not sure it's really fair to call this another sign of spring, because I'm not sure the dandilions ever really quit blooming. With a little sunshine and minimum warmth, they seem to pop open at the slightest provocation, regardless of what the calendar says.

Sunday, January 25, 2009

Winter in Vermont

My brother Vance has a fair amount of acreage and a cabin in SE Vermont. I have only visited once, but it's very nice.He has found that he can make pretty good money selling firewood. I gather that he gets some tax breaks for running productive forestry land, and I gather that firewood fits that description. This year's fuel prices are nothing like worst case forecasts from last summer, not even as bad as they were last winter. But I imagine that heating with wood, for those that can use that option, is still less expensive than heating with fuel oil or natural gas.The ice storm in mid-December was national news, but here in Oregon we mostly heard about New Hampshire and Maine. I assumed he'd seen some ice but this is worse than I'd imagined. On the other hand, while the trees are bowed, I'm not seeing too many limbs actually broken. We get these kind of conditions here every couple of years; it's quite beautiful, but treacherous to try to go anywhere. Good weather to stay indoors. I haven't seen this pond before. Very pretty. When Vance tried to describe this picture, I had no real image of what he meant, but he actually did a very good job of portraying this as remeniscent of fractiles, the Mandelbrot set particularly. I'm sure that someone can interpret a great deal from that odd pattern of open and frozen pond surface. I can only see evidence that there's a lot more going on here than one might assume from the placid, apparently static scene.

Self-Indulgent Cat Pictures

I have mentioned Ozma, the feral cat who has moved in with me, in previous posts (here, here and here). At this point, it's not really acurate to call her feral anymore: she is very affectionate and well behaved. Up until I had a camera, I haven't been able to show her off. That has changed. She's very good at finding hidey-holes. One of her favorites is on top of the spice bags. The door to this cabinet is normally closed, so she jumps up over the sink and crawls though to this space. She doesn't appreciate flashy things going off in her face, and the camera does its range finding with a small visible flash just prior to the photographic flash. As a result, it's difficult to get a picture of her with her eyes open.Not exactly flattering, but I think she's very cute when she licks her lips.Well satisfied after a meal. When I let the apartment get too chilly, she will go curl up on my bed. She generally prefers to sleep on firm or hard surfaces. But if she's cold, warmth is where it's at.Ozma was the princess of Oz; she is definitely doing "regal" here. You might image I have quite a number more of these pictures. You'd be right. But I see no need to OD on all of them at once.

Saturday, January 24, 2009

Interzone People: Ben and Lydia

So I've added another tag, "Interzone People," to highlight some of the folks that make me feel at home here. Iris was first, a couple of posts back, and Bill, her husband, really should be second, but I haven't seen him around today.

So this is Ben, a grad student in mathematical modeling, with a focus on ecological issues. He started out in the department of mathematics, but is switching over to a more biologically-oriented department. Here, he's trying to pretend he's ignoring me.
Here, he says he's trying to pretend that he's "crazy happy." I think it looks like he's either crazy scared, or just... crazy.
And this is Lydia. She's a horticulture major, though my perception is that her interest is shifting to horticultural entomology (bugs that interact with plants, and appropriate ways to deal with them). I'm not even going to mention how she was describing that root tip she's posing with.
I think Ben and Lydia started going out last summer.

One of the things I love about this place is the atmosphere of anti-anti-intellectualism. In other words, most of the people that hang out here are smart, educated, and proud of it. You can learn a lot in casual conversation. Ben showed me how to prove my conjecture about divisibility by eleven, for all number bases. And he's got some terrific math-themed t-shirts, which I hope to stick up here sooner or later. Lydia has filled me in on sampling techniques used to determine insect populations. She and I also share lots of bug pictures and links we come across. "Bug," in this case, referring to arthropods generally, not just insects.

Signs of Spring

As I've mentioned, we have to put up with quite a bit of gloomy weather here in western Oregon, but the payoff is that we get very mild winters overall. We've had a surprising amount of sun the past couple of weeks, and almost no rain during that time: daytime highs in the mid 40's, nighttime lows in the mid to lower 30's. We do get cold snaps from time to time, but most of those are only a day or two long; extended cold is pretty rare, one or twice a decade.

But along with the mild winter, another benefit is that spring flowers start popping up really early- nearly 2 months earlier than what I grew up with in Ohio. I noticed these popping up in front of another vegetarian restaurant as I walked into the Interzone this morning. Yep, dem's flowers. Probably daffodils, and obviously not blooming yet... but on their way.
Actually, snowdrops and crocuses are the first to bloom; I haven't noticed any of those coming up yet, but they're normally going full bore by mid February. The daffodils will be blooming in about a month. And no, this is not due to global warming... we just have really mild weather here. I have always been blown away by spring flowers in February since I moved here nearly thirty years ago.

Nearly Normal's is the restaurant, and it always looks like spring there. During the summer, their back deck is one of the nicest places in Corvallis to enjoy an outdoor meal. I'm not a vegetarian. I'm quite up front about the fact that there are just some kinds of meat I like too much to ever swear off completely. But meat has become an ever smaller part of my diet, and I'm quite sympathetic to the issues that concern vegetarians.

There They Go Again

Republicans demonstrate their understanding of what Americans are going through, in preparation for a landslide recapturing of Congress in 2010.

What part of FAIL do they not understand? (Image from here.)